Vườn quốc gia hang Mammoth là vườn quốc gia nằm ở trung tâm tiểu bang Kentucky, bao gồm hang động Mammoth, hệ thống hang động dài nhất trên thế giới từ trước tới nay. Tên gọi chính thức của hệ thống này là Hệ thống hang động mạch núi Mammoth-Flint (Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System) do có những mạch núi hình thành bên dưới hang. Khu này được công nhận là vườn quốc gia vào ngày 1 tháng 7, 1941. Nó trở thành Di sản thế giới vào ngày 27 tháng 10, 1981, và khu dự trữ sinh quyển thế giới ngày 26 tháng 9, 1990.
Phần diện tích 52.835 mẫu Anh (21.382 ha) của vườn quốc gia
nằm chủ yếu ở quận Edmonson, với một phần nhỏ mở rộng về phía đông
sang các quận Hart, và Barren. Vườn quốc gia này tập trung xung
quanh sông Green, với một chi lưu là sông Nolin đổ vào sông Green
ngay ngoài vườn quốc gia. Với tổng chiều dài hang hơn 390 dặm
(630 km), hiện nay đây là hang dài nhất thế giới, dài gấp đôi
hệ thống hang dài thứ nhì là hang Jewel của South Dâkot với chiều
dài hơn 150 dặm (240 km).
Tài liệu tham
khảo
Tham
khảo chung
- Bridwell, Margaret M. (Bridwell 1952) The Story of Mammoth
Cave National Park Kentucky: A Brief History 11th Edition 1971.
(First edition copyright 1952.) No ISBN.
- Gulden, B. (Gulden 2005) NSS Geo2 USA Longest Caves. National
Speleological Society. [1]
- Hoskins, R. Taylor
Faithful Visitor First Park Superintendent R. Taylor Hoskins
describes the yearly visits of "Pete" a tame summer tanager
(Piranga rubra rubra.) In "The Regional Review, Vol VII, 1 and 2
(July-August 1941.)
- Hovey, Horace Carter (Hovey 1880) One Hundred Miles in
Mammoth Cave in 1880: an early exploration of America's most famous
cavern. with introductory note by William R. Jones. Golden,
Colorado: Outbooks. (Copyright 1982) ISBN 0-89646-054-1
- Watson, Richard A., ed. (Watson 1981) The Cave Research
Foundation: Origins and the First Twelve Years 1957 - 1968
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky: Cave Research Foundation.
Sách của Brucker
Roger W. Brucker [2] has
co-authored four nonfiction books and authored one historical novel
on the history and exploration of the Mammoth Cave System. They are
presented here not in the order of publication, but in the order in
which the events of the books' major narratives took place:
- Brucker, Roger W. (2009) Grand, Gloomy, and Peculiar:
Stephen Bishop at Mammoth Cave. Cave Books. ISBN
978-0-939748-72-3 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-939748-71-6 (pbk). Based on the
true story of Stephen Bishop, the slave who gained fame as a guide
and explorer at Mammoth Cave from 1838 until his death in 1857,
this historical novel is written from the perspective of Bishop's
wife, Charlotte. Although it is a novel, Brucker has claimed the
book does not alter any known historical facts.
- Brucker, Roger W. and Murray, Robert K. (Brucker and Murray
1983) Trapped: The Story of Floyd Collins. University of
Kentucky Press. Told by a scholar of early 20th century journalism
and a veteran of the modern period of Mammoth Cave exploration,
this book details the events of the entrapment and attempted rescue
of Floyd Collins, who was trapped in a cave near Mammoth Cave in
January 1925.
- Lawrence, Jr, Joe and Brucker, Roger W. (Lawrence and Brucker
1955) The Caves Beyond: The story of the Floyd Collins' Crystal
Cave Expedition New York: Funk and Wagnell's. Reprinted, with
new introduction, by Zephyrus Press ISBN 0-914264-18-4 (pbk.)
Details the story of the 1954 week-long C3 expedition from the
separate points of view of the leader and an ordinary participant
in the expedition, who went on to become one of the leaders of the
then-nascent modern period of exploration.
- Brucker, Roger W. and Watson, Richard A. "Red" (Brucker and
Watson 1976) The Longest Cave. New York: Knopf (reprinted
1987, with afterword: Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois
University Press) ISBN 0-8093-1322-7 (pbk.) A comprehensive story
of the exploration of Mammoth Cave told by two of the founders of
the Cave Research Foundation. An invaluable appendix, "Historical
Beginnings", outlines the story of the cave from prehistory to the
mid 1950s, where the main narrative begins. The formation of the
Cave Research Foundation is described from an insider perspective.
A highly personal telling, this work is sometimes jokingly or with
irony referred to by cavers as Roger and Red Go Caving,
though its revered status in the literature and the reputations of
the authors are hardly in doubt. The 1989 reprint includes an
Afterword by the authors referring to the 1983 Roppel-Mammoth
connection and other subsequent events.
- Borden, James D. and Brucker, Roger W. (Borden and Brucker
2000) Beyond Mammoth Cave: A Tale of Obsession in the World's
Longest Cave. Carbondale and Edwardsville, Illinois: Southern
Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2346-X. Taking up where
The Longest Cave leaves off, carries the story of Mammoth
Cave Exploration from ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 1972 to ngày 10 tháng 9
năm 1983, when a connection was surveyed between Roppel Cave and
the southern reaches of Mammoth Cave. Details the origins of the
Central Kentucky Karst Coalition (CKKC).
Khảo
cổ
- Meloy, Harold (Meloy 1968) Mummies of Mammoth Cave: An
account of the Indian mummies discovered in Short Cave, Salts Cave,
and Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Shelbyville, Indiana: Micron
Publishing Co., 1990 (Original copyright 1968, 1977).
- Watson, Patty Jo (ed.) (Watson 1974) Archaeology of the
Mammoth Cave Area. Reprinted 1997 by St. Louis: Cave Books ISBN
0-939748-41-X. 31 chapters by the foremost worker in the field of
Mammoth Cave archaeology and several of her colleagues. The
reprinted edition includes a brief new introduction and a brief
updated bibliography.
Địa chất
- Brown, Richmond F. (Brown 1966). Hydrology of the Cavernous
Limestones of the Mammoth Cave Area, Kentucky [Geological
Survey Water-Supply Paper 1837]. Washington, D.C.: United States
Government Printing Office.
- Livesay, Ann, and McGrain, Preston (revised) (Livesay and
McGrain 1962). Geology of the Mammoth Cave National Park
Area. Kentucky Geological Survey, Series X, 1962. Special
Publication 7, College of Arts and Sciences, University of
Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky.
- Palmer, Arthur N. (Palmer 1981) A Geological Guide to
Mammoth Cave National Park. Teaneck, New Jersey: Zephyrus
Press. ISBN 0-914264-28-1. 196 pp. From the "blurb" on the back
cover: "How did Mammoth Cave form? How old is it? Why does it look
the way it does? What do the rocks tell us? These and many other
questions are answered in this book about America's most popular
cave." Written for the lay reader, but with much technical
information of interest to those with greater scientific literacy,
by a retired professor of geology at SUNY Oneonta.
- White, William B. and Elizabeth L., eds. (White and White 1989)
Karst Hydrology: Concepts from the Mammoth Cave Area. New
York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold. ISBN 0-442-22675-6.
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